Heterogeneous Catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis describes systems where the catalyst is in a different phase (i.e.. solid and liquid, liquid and gas) to the reactants. In order for the reaction to occur, the reactants must diffuse to the catalyst surface and adsorb onto it. After reaction, the products must detach and diffuse away from the solid surface. NanospringsTM provide the perfect platform for heterogeneous catalysis due to their 100% accessible surface area and open porosity.
Available Products
Click on the Product Link for additional description; Data Sheet for detailed technical specification.
Nanoparticles of Palladium (Pd) coated Silica Nanosprings
Typical reactions involving Pd include: Suzuki cross-coupling, Heck reactions, hydrogenation reactions. The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Palladium; the reactions do not incorporate Nanosprings.
Reetz, M. T.; Breinbauer, R.; Wanninger, K. Suzuki and Heck “Reactions Catalyzed by Preformed Palladium Clusters and Palladium/Nickel Bimetallic Clusters,”Tetrahedron Lett. 1996, 37, 4499-4502.
Reetz, M. T.; Westermann, E. “Phosphane-Free Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions: The Decisive Role of Pd Nanoparticles,” Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 165-168.
Reetz, M. T.; Lohmer, G. “Propylene Carbonate Stabilized Nanostructured Palladium Clusters as Catalysts in Heck Reactions,” Chem. Commun. 1996, 1921-1922.
Beller, M.; Fischer, H.; Ku¨ hlein, K.; Reisinger, C.-P.; Herrmann, W. “A. First Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reactions with Efficient Colloidal Catalyst Systems,” J. Organomet. Chem. 1996, 520, 257-259.
TiO2 coated Silica Nanosprings
Titanium oxide has been used as a photocalytic material, i.e. water purification, CO2 conversion to fuels (link it to CCR). The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Titanium oxide; the reactions do not incorporate Nanosprings.
O.K. Varghese, M. Paulose, T.J. LaTempa, and C.A. Grimes, “High-Rate Solar Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 and Water Vapor to Hydrocarbon Fuels,” Nano Letters, vol. 9, Feb. 2009, pp. 731-737.
A. Fernández, G. Lassaletta, V. Jiménez, A. Justo, A. González-Elipe, J. Herrmann, H. Tahiri, and Y. Aitichou, “Preparation and characterization of TiO2 photocatalysts supported on various rigid supports (glass, quartz and stainless steel). Comparative studies of photocatalytic activity in water purification,” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 7, 1995, pp. 49-63.
Zinc oxide catalysts have been used in photocatalytic reactions, and ZnO with Cu in the reduction of CO2 to methanol. The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Zinc Oxide; the reactions do not incorporate Nanosprings.
M.T. Maghsoodlou, A. Hassankhani, H.R. Shaterian, S.M. Habibi-Khorasani, and E. Mosaddegh, “Zinc oxide as an economical and efficient catalyst for the one-pot preparation of β-acetamido ketones via a four-component condensation reaction,” Tetrahedron Letters, vol. 48, 2007, pp. 1729-1734.
Silver nanoparticles can be used for the reduction of aromatic nitro compunds. The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Silver; the reactions do not incorporate Nanosprings.
S. Kundu, M. Mandal, S.K. Ghosh, and T. Pal, “Photochemical deposition of SERS active silver nanoparticles on silica gel and their application as catalysts for the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds,” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 272, Apr. 2004, pp. 134-144.
M.P. Andrews and G.A. Ozin, “Liquid-phase agglomeration of silver atoms in olefinic and ether media: electrocatalytic application. 2,” The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol. 90, 1986, pp. 2929-2938.
Gold catalysts have been used in oxidation reactions, i.e. CO and cyclohexenes. The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Gold; the reactions do not incorporate Nanosprings.
K. Sato, “A “Green” Route to Adipic Acid: Direct Oxidation of Cyclohexenes with 30%;Percent Hydrogen Peroxide,” Science, vol. 281, 1998, pp. 1646-1647.
A.S.K. Hashmi and G.J. Hutchings, “Gold Catalysis,” Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 45, 2006, pp. 7896-7936.
Platinum catalysts have been used in hydrogenation reactions and catalytic converters. The following papers, listed here as references, describe reactions using Platinum; the catalysts do not incorporate Nanosprings.
V. Lordi, N. Yao, and J. Wei, “Method for Supporting Platinum on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for a Selective Hydrogenation Catalyst,” Chemistry of Materials, vol. 13, 2001, pp. 733-737.
